The Russian invasion of Ukraine, the tensions in the French suburbs this summer, the terrorist threat; all issues that are heavily discussed in the capital cities, focussing on the possibility of reintroducing a voluntary or mandatory conscription, on strengthening societal resilience in the face of hybrid threats, on civil variants such as the Belgian Dienst van Collectief Nut/Service d’utilité collective (Service of Collective Utility) or the French Service national universel (Universal National Service) and even on total defence, based on the example of some Northern European states.
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